So I made a "real" Mitsuba diffuse shader for Maya, and output the corresponding Mitsuba material.
As you can see, there are two Mitsuba smooth diffuse materials in the Maya scene. If you look at the console output in the Script Editor, you can see that there are two "bsdfs" that correspond to each material.
Here is an example of a smooth diffuse material from the Mitsuba documentation:
I am using RGB instead of hex, but Mitsuba allows for either (as well as a number of other representations).
It's extremely simple, but I am glad that I can at least get this far. The Maya documentation is HUGE, so finding things is sometimes a challenge, but this is definitely on the right track.